Kazakhstan votes on new constitution expanding presidential powers

On March 15, 2026, citizens of Kazakhstan participated in a referendum to decide on a new constitution that would significantly expand President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's powers. The proposed changes include merging the bicameral parliament into a single chamber and reinstating the vice presidency, both subject to presidential appointment with parliamentary approval.

Proposed Constitutional Changes

The key amendments under consideration are:

• Unicameral Legislature: Transitioning from a two-chamber parliament to a single legislative body to streamline governance.
• Vice Presidency Reinstatement: Restoring the vice president role, appointed by the president, to assist in executive functions.
• People's Council Formation: Establishing a new body with the power to initiate legislation and referendums, with all members appointed by the president.

Potential Impact on Presidential Term Limits

Currently, President Tokayev is limited to one seven-year term ending in 2029. Analysts suggest that the new constitution could provide a mechanism to reset term limits, potentially allowing him to extend his presidency beyond the current restriction.

Public and Expert Opinions

While the government argues that these reforms are necessary for efficient governance, critics express concerns about the concentration of power and the potential erosion of democratic principles. The opposition, lacking formal representation, has struggled to mount an effective campaign against the referendum.

Economic Context and Public Sentiment

The referendum occurs amid economic challenges, including an inflation rate of 11.7% and rising taxes, leading to public discontent. Observers warn that these factors could trigger unrest similar to the nationwide protests in 2022, which were sparked by fuel price hikes and resulted in numerous casualties.

The outcome of the referendum will have significant implications for Kazakhstan's political structure and the balance of power within the government.